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Maquis (World War II)
The Maquis ((:maˈki)) were rural guerrilla bands of French Resistance fighters, called ''maquisards'', during the Occupation of France in World War II. Initially, they were composed of men who had escaped into the mountains to avoid conscription into Vichy France's Service du travail obligatoire (STO) to provide forced labor for Germany. To avert capture and deportation to Germany, they became increasingly organized into non-active resistance groups.
==Meaning==
Originally the word came from the kind of terrain in which the armed resistance groups hid, the type of high ground in southeastern France covered with scrub growth.〔(【引用サイトリンク】 title=Definition of maquis ) from Dictionary.com website〕 Although strictly meaning thicket, ''maquis'' could be roughly translated as "the bush".〔(Freedictionary definition: References in classic literature )〕 Historians have not yet established how the Corsican term arrived in the mainland of France; nevertheless, “the Italian-derived word ‘''maquis''’, used as a common description of woods and scrubland on the island, evoked an all-encompassing image of woods and mountains, whereas the more limited word ‘''garrigue''’ used in the south of France indicated () an inhospitable terrain, and the words ‘''bois''’, ‘''foret''’. and ‘''montagne''’ were too bland.”〔H. R. Kedward,"Refusal and Revolt, Spring 1943," in ''In Search of the Maquis: Rural Resistance in Southern France'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 29.〕 The term maquis signified both the bands of fighters and their rural location.〔H. R. Kedward,"Refusal and Revolt, Spring 1943," in ''In Search of the Maquis: Rural Resistance in Southern France'' (New York: Oxford University Press, 1993), 30.〕 The term established the image of a ‘maquisard’ as a “committed and voluntary fighter, a ''combattant'', as distinct than the previous ‘''réfractaire''’ (unmanageable)."〔 Members of those bands were called ''maquisards''. The term became an honorific that meant "armed resistance fighter". The Maquis have come to symbolize the French Resistance.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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